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'knowledge engineers'

  • 1 knowledge engineer

    knowledge engineer
    knowledge engineer ['nlucida sans unicodeɔfontlidlucida sans unicodeʒfont εndlucida sans unicodeʒfonti'niə O 'nlucida sans unicodeɔfontlidlucida sans unicodeʒfont 'enginir] <- oder knowledge engineers >
      sostantivo Maskulin Feminin
    informatica auf leistungsfähige Datensysteme spezialisierte(r) Informatiker(in)

    Dizionario italiano-tedesco > knowledge engineer

  • 2 ingeniero del conocimiento

    Ex. The current interest in establishing the skill credentials of so-called 'knowledge engineers' illustrates the point neatly enough.
    * * *

    Ex: The current interest in establishing the skill credentials of so-called 'knowledge engineers' illustrates the point neatly enough.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ingeniero del conocimiento

  • 3 credencial

    adj.
    1 accrediting.
    2 credential, certifying.
    f.
    1 pass.
    2 credential, identification, ID card, certifying document.
    * * *
    1 credential
    1 credentials
    \
    cartas credenciales credentials
    * * *
    1.
    carta 2)
    2. SF
    1) (=documento) document confirming appointment
    * * *
    I II
    femenino document

    la credencial de socio — (Méx) membership card

    * * *
    = credential, badge, name badge.
    Ex. The current interest in establishing the skill credentials of so-called 'knowledge engineers' illustrates the point neatly enough.
    Ex. Her list of categories includes: Advertisements, Almanacs, Announcements, Appointments, badges, Bumper stickers, Calendars, and Cards.
    Ex. Admittance to lectures, classes, cookout and activities is limited to registered participants with name badges.
    * * *
    I II
    femenino document

    la credencial de socio — (Méx) membership card

    * * *
    = credential, badge, name badge.

    Ex: The current interest in establishing the skill credentials of so-called 'knowledge engineers' illustrates the point neatly enough.

    Ex: Her list of categories includes: Advertisements, Almanacs, Announcements, Appointments, badges, Bumper stickers, Calendars, and Cards.
    Ex: Admittance to lectures, classes, cookout and activities is limited to registered participants with name badges.

    * * *
    document
    la credencial de su nuevo nombramiento the document confirming your new appointment
    las credenciales que certifiquen su calidad de estudiante documents o documentation proving that you are a student
    su credencial de socio de la biblioteca ( Méx); his library (membership) card
    Compuesto:
    (Ur) voter registration card ( AmE), voting card ( BrE)
    * * *

    credencial
    I adjetivo credential
    cartas credenciales, credential letters
    II f (acreditación) documents pl; credentials
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    accrediting
    ♦ nf
    1. [documento identificador] pass;
    2. Arg, Chile, Méx [carné] card
    credencial de socio membership card
    * * *
    I f document
    II adj
    :
    cartas credenciales credentials
    * * *
    cartas credenciales : credentials

    Spanish-English dictionary > credencial

  • 4 génie

    génie [ʒeni]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = aptitude, personne) genius
    • ce n'est pas un génie ! he's no genius!
       b. ( = allégorie, être mythique) spirit ; [de contes arabes] genie
    • être le bon/mauvais génie de qn to be sb's good/evil genius
       c. (Military) le génie ≈ the Engineers
       d. ( = technique) engineering
    * * *
    ʒeni
    nom masculin
    1) ( aptitude) genius
    2) ( personne) genius
    3) ( talent)
    4) Mythologie ( esprit) spirit; ( dans les contes) genie

    être le bon/mauvais génie de quelqu'un — to be somebody's guiding/evil spirit

    5) ( ingénierie) engineering
    6) Armée ( activité) military engineering; ( personnel)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ʒeni nm
    1) (= personne) genius
    2) (= qualité) genius
    4) [langue] distinctive nature, essence
    * * *
    génie nm
    1 ( aptitude) genius; peintre/écrivain de génie painter/writer of genius; avoir du génie to be a genius; le génie de qn the genius of sb; un coup de génie a stroke of genius; avoir un coup de génie to have a flash of inspiration; idée de génie brainwave;
    2 ( personne) genius; ce n'est pas un génie, leur fils their son isn't exactly a genius; génie du mal evil genius; petit génie little genius;
    3 ( talent) genius; le génie architectural architectural genius; avoir le génie du commerce to have a great gift for business; il a le génie de tout embrouiller he's a real genius at making a mess of things;
    4 Mythol ( esprit) spirit; ( dans les contes) genie; le génie de la forêt the spirit of the forest; Aladin et le génie de la lampe Aladdin and the Genie of the lamp; être le bon/mauvais génie de qn to be sb's guiding/evil spirit;
    5 ( ingénierie) engineering;
    6 Mil ( activité) military engineering; ( personnel) le génie the Engineers (pl); soldat/officier du génie soldier/officer in the Engineers.
    génie chimique chemical engineering; génie civil ( activité) civil engineering; ( personnel) civil engineers (pl); génie climatique climatic engineering; génie cognitif knowledge engineering; génie génétique genetic engineering; génie industriel industrial engineering; génie rural agricultural engineering.
    [ʒeni] nom masculin
    1. [don] genius
    2. [personne] genius
    à 15 ans, c'était déjà un génie de l'électronique at 15 he was already an electronics wizard
    3. [essence] genius
    le génie de la langue française the genius ou spirit of the French language
    4. LITTÉRATURE & MYTHOLOGIE [magicien] genie
    [esprit] spirit
    être le bon/mauvais génie de quelqu'un to be a good/bad influence on somebody
    les officiers du Génie ≃ the Royal Engineers (UK), ≃ the (Army) Corps of Engineers (US)
    génie atomique/chimique/civil/génétique nuclear/chemical/civil/genetic engineering
    génie maritime/militaire marine/military engineering
    ————————
    de génie locution adjectivale
    [musicien, inventeur] of genius
    [idée] brilliant

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > génie

  • 5 engineer

    ˌendʒɪˈnɪə инженер;
    конструктор - electrical * инженер-электрик - mechanical * инженер-механик - industrial * инженер-технолог;
    инженер по организации производства - audio-control * звукооператор;
    тонмейстер - methods * инженер по рационализации методов работы - survey * инженер-топограф (инженер) -механик (морское) судовой механик - ship's * старший механик судна (американизм) машинист( локомотива) (военное) сапер - * combat company саперная рота - * battalion саперный батальон инженерные части создавать, сооружать;
    проектировать - he *ed several big industrial projects он спроектировал несколько крупных промышленных объектов оборудовать работать в качестве инженера или техника (неодобрительно) подстраивать;
    организовать (путем происков, махинаций, - riots *ed by racialists бесчинства, спровоцированные расистами - to * a campaign of slander развернуть клеветническую компанию - to * a bill through Congress протащить законопроект в конгрессе chief city ~ главный инженер - проектировщик города chief ~ главный инженер chief superintendent ~ главный инженер-смотритель chief superintendent ~ начальник производственного отдела consulting ~ инженер-консультант ~ сапер;
    Royal Engineers, амер. Corps of Engineers инженерные войска customer ~ вчт. наладчик departmental ~ инженер отдела design ~ вчт. конструктор engineer инженер ~ амер. машинист ~ механик ~ подстраивать;
    провоцировать;
    to engineer acts of sabotage организовать диверсии ~ работать в качестве инженера ~ сапер;
    Royal Engineers, амер. Corps of Engineers инженерные войска ~ сооружать;
    проектировать ~ разг. устраивать, затевать;
    придумывать, изобретать ~ подстраивать;
    провоцировать;
    to engineer acts of sabotage организовать диверсии field ~ вчт. эксплуатационник graduate ~ дипломированный инженер knowledge ~ вчт. инженер знаний process ~ инженер-технолог production ~ инженер-технолог production ~ технолог resident ~ прораб ~ сапер;
    Royal Engineers, амер. Corps of Engineers инженерные войска safety ~ инженер по технике безопасности sales ~ специалист по организации сбыта senior ~ старший инженер sound ~ звукооператор system ~ вчт. системщик

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > engineer

  • 6 engineer

    [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə]
    chief city engineer главный инженер - проектировщик города chief engineer главный инженер chief superintendent engineer главный инженер-смотритель chief superintendent engineer начальник производственного отдела consulting engineer инженер-консультант engineer сапер; Royal Engineers, амер. Corps of Engineers инженерные войска customer engineer вчт. наладчик departmental engineer инженер отдела design engineer вчт. конструктор engineer инженер engineer амер. машинист engineer механик engineer подстраивать; провоцировать; to engineer acts of sabotage организовать диверсии engineer работать в качестве инженера engineer сапер; Royal Engineers, амер. Corps of Engineers инженерные войска engineer сооружать; проектировать engineer разг. устраивать, затевать; придумывать, изобретать engineer подстраивать; провоцировать; to engineer acts of sabotage организовать диверсии field engineer вчт. эксплуатационник graduate engineer дипломированный инженер knowledge engineer вчт. инженер знаний process engineer инженер-технолог production engineer инженер-технолог production engineer технолог resident engineer прораб engineer сапер; Royal Engineers, амер. Corps of Engineers инженерные войска safety engineer инженер по технике безопасности sales engineer специалист по организации сбыта senior engineer старший инженер sound engineer звукооператор system engineer вчт. системщик

    English-Russian short dictionary > engineer

  • 7 burlón

    adj.
    1 mocking, derisory, jeering, scoffing.
    2 fond of teasing, teasing, waggish.
    m.
    joker, sneerer, jester, giber.
    * * *
    1 mocking
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 joker
    * * *
    burlón, -ona
    1.
    ADJ (=bromista) [persona] mocking, teasing; [risa, voz] sardonic
    2. SM / F
    1) (=bromista) joker
    2) (=mofador) mocker, scoffer
    3.
    SM Méx * mockingbird
    * * *
    - lona adjetivo
    a) ( de mofa) < actitud> mocking; < risa> sardonic, derisive
    b) ( de broma) < actitud> joking, teasing
    * * *
    Ex. As sophisticated technologies and management methods were introduced, process engineers engaged in efforts to portray manual workers' knowledge in derisive terms.
    * * *
    - lona adjetivo
    a) ( de mofa) < actitud> mocking; < risa> sardonic, derisive
    b) ( de broma) < actitud> joking, teasing
    * * *

    Ex: As sophisticated technologies and management methods were introduced, process engineers engaged in efforts to portray manual workers' knowledge in derisive terms.

    * * *
    1 (de mofa) ‹actitud› mocking; ‹risa› sardonic, derisive, mocking
    un hombre cínico y burlón a cynical, sardonic o scornful man
    2 (de broma) ‹actitud› joking, teasing
    hombre, no seas burlón come on, stop teasing
    * * *

    burlón
    ◊ - lona adjetivo

    a) ( de mofa) ‹actitud/tono› mocking;

    ‹ risa› sardonic, derisive

    burlón,-ona adjetivo mocking
    ' burlón' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    burlona
    - socarrón
    - socarrona
    English:
    derisive
    - facetious
    - jeering
    - poltergeist
    - quizzical
    - sardonically
    - taunting
    - mocking
    * * *
    burlón, -ona
    ♦ adj
    [con malicia] mocking; [sin malicia] jokey, waggish;
    una risa burlona a mocking laugh;
    es muy burlón he's a real joker o wag;
    no seas tan burlón conmigo stop teasing me, don't be such a tease
    ♦ nm,f
    [bromista] joker, wag; [que toma el pelo] tease
    * * *
    I adj mocking
    II m, burlona f mocker
    * * *
    burlón, - lona adj, mpl burlones : joking, mocking
    burlón, - lona n, mpl burlones : joker

    Spanish-English dictionary > burlón

  • 8 desdeñoso

    adj.
    disdainful, contemptuous, dismissive, scornful.
    * * *
    1 disdainful, contemptuous, scornful
    * * *
    ADJ scornful, disdainful
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo < persona> disdainful; <gesto/actitud> disdainful, scornful
    * * *
    = dismissive, derisive, contemptuous.
    Ex. The author also mentions the rather dismissive attitude of many librarians towards rare book librarianship.
    Ex. As sophisticated technologies and management methods were introduced, process engineers engaged in efforts to portray manual workers' knowledge in derisive terms.
    Ex. After a number of years in office, however, they became increasingly abrasive, remote, contemptuous of criticism, and resistant to any change that might reduce their authority.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo < persona> disdainful; <gesto/actitud> disdainful, scornful
    * * *
    = dismissive, derisive, contemptuous.

    Ex: The author also mentions the rather dismissive attitude of many librarians towards rare book librarianship.

    Ex: As sophisticated technologies and management methods were introduced, process engineers engaged in efforts to portray manual workers' knowledge in derisive terms.
    Ex: After a number of years in office, however, they became increasingly abrasive, remote, contemptuous of criticism, and resistant to any change that might reduce their authority.

    * * *
    ‹persona› disdainful; ‹gesto/actitud› disdainful, scornful
    * * *

    desdeñoso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    disdainful
    desdeñoso,-a adjetivo disdainful

    ' desdeñoso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desdeñosa
    English:
    disdainful
    - scornful
    - supercilious
    - derisive
    - disparaging
    * * *
    desdeñoso, -a adj
    scornful, disdainful
    * * *
    adj disdainful, contemptuous
    * * *
    desdeñoso, -sa adj
    : disdainful, scornful

    Spanish-English dictionary > desdeñoso

  • 9 despreciativo

    adj.
    disdainful, disparaging, slighting, scornful.
    * * *
    1 scornful, contemptuous
    * * *
    ADJ [observación, tono] scornful, contemptuous; [comentario] derogatory
    * * *
    - va adjetivo < persona> disdainful; <tono/gesto> disdainful, scornful
    * * *
    = snide, derisive, deprecating.
    Ex. XML Spy does some things XMetal doesn't do, but I've also heard snide remarks about its parser.
    Ex. As sophisticated technologies and management methods were introduced, process engineers engaged in efforts to portray manual workers' knowledge in derisive terms.
    Ex. The author examines under what conditions deprecating speech is perceived as harmful.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo < persona> disdainful; <tono/gesto> disdainful, scornful
    * * *
    = snide, derisive, deprecating.

    Ex: XML Spy does some things XMetal doesn't do, but I've also heard snide remarks about its parser.

    Ex: As sophisticated technologies and management methods were introduced, process engineers engaged in efforts to portray manual workers' knowledge in derisive terms.
    Ex: The author examines under what conditions deprecating speech is perceived as harmful.

    * * *
    ‹persona› disdainful; ‹tono/gesto› disdainful, scornful
    una mirada despreciativa a look of disdain o scorn
    nos trata de una manera muy despreciativa he treats us very disdainfully o with contempt
    * * *

    despreciativo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    disdainful

    ' despreciativo' also found in these entries:
    English:
    disparaging
    * * *
    despreciativo, -a adj
    [tono, mirada, actitud] scornful, contemptuous
    * * *
    adj contemptuous
    * * *
    despreciativo, -va adj
    : scornful, disdainful

    Spanish-English dictionary > despreciativo

  • 10 ingeniero

    m.
    engineer.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 engineer
    \
    ingeniero,-a agrónomo agronomist
    ingeniero,-a de caminos, canales y puertos civil engineer
    ingeniero,-a forestal forestry expert
    ingeniero,-a industrial industrial engineer
    ingeniero,-a de minas mining engineer
    ingeniero,-a técnico technical engineer
    * * *
    (f. - ingeniera)
    noun
    * * *
    SM esp Méx graduate; [título] sir

    Ing. Quintanilla — ≈ Dr. Quintanilla

    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino engineer
    * * *
    Ex. Scientists, engineers and other subject specialists may be employed together with information scientists as full-time abstractors.
    ----
    * ingeniero agrónomo = agronomist.
    * ingeniero astronáutico = rocket scientist.
    * ingeniero civil = civil engineer.
    * ingeniero de caminos = civil engineer.
    * ingeniero del conocimiento = knowledge engineer.
    * ingeniero del cuerpo de zapadores = Army Corps engineer.
    * ingeniero de minas = mining engineer.
    * ingeniero de sonido = sound engineer.
    * ingeniero de telecomunicaciones = telecom engineer.
    * ingeniero forestal = wildlife manager.
    * ingeniero informático = computer engineer.
    * ingeniero militar = military engineer.
    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino engineer
    * * *

    Ex: Scientists, engineers and other subject specialists may be employed together with information scientists as full-time abstractors.

    * ingeniero agrónomo = agronomist.
    * ingeniero astronáutico = rocket scientist.
    * ingeniero civil = civil engineer.
    * ingeniero de caminos = civil engineer.
    * ingeniero del conocimiento = knowledge engineer.
    * ingeniero del cuerpo de zapadores = Army Corps engineer.
    * ingeniero de minas = mining engineer.
    * ingeniero de sonido = sound engineer.
    * ingeniero de telecomunicaciones = telecom engineer.
    * ingeniero forestal = wildlife manager.
    * ingeniero informático = computer engineer.
    * ingeniero militar = military engineer.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    engineer
    Compuestos:
    ● ingeniero aeronáutico, ingeniera aeronáutica
    aeronautical o aircraft engineer
    ● ingeniero agrónomo, ingeniera agrónoma
    agriculturist
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera civil
    civil engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera de caminos, canales y puertos
    ( Esp) civil engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera de minas
    mining engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera de montes
    forestry engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera de sistemas
    systems engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera de sonido
    sound engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera de televisión
    television engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera de vuelo
    flight engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera industrial
    industrial engineer
    ● ingeniero mecánico, ingeniera mecánica
    mechanical engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera naval
    naval architect
    ● ingeniero químico, ingeniera química
    chemical engineer
    ● ingeniero/ingeniera superior
    ● ingeniero técnico, ingeniera técnica
    * * *

     

    ingeniero
    ◊ -ra sustantivo masculino, femenino

    engineer;
    ingeniero agrónomo agriculturist;
    ingeniero civil/industrial civil/industrial engineer;
    ingeniero técnico engineer ( qualified after a three-year university course)
    ingeniero,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino engineer
    ingeniero agrónomo, agronomist
    Esp ingeniero de caminos, canales y puertos, civil engineer
    ingeniero técnico, engineer

    ' ingeniero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agrónoma
    - agrónomo
    - ir
    - ingeniera
    - oído
    - asesor
    English:
    civil engineer
    - electrical engineer
    - engineer
    - experienced
    - quantity
    * * *
    ingeniero, -a
    ♦ nm,f
    engineer
    ingeniero aeronáutico aeronautical engineer;
    ingeniero agrónomo agronomist;
    Esp ingeniero de caminos, canales y puertos civil engineer;
    ingeniero civil civil engineer;
    ingeniero electrónico electrical o electronic engineer;
    ingeniero de imagen Br vision mixer, US switcher;
    ingeniero industrial industrial engineer;
    ingeniero de minas mining engineer;
    ingeniero de montes forester, forestry engineer;
    ingeniero naval marine engineer;
    ingeniero de programas software engineer;
    ingeniero químico chemical engineer;
    RP ingeniero sanitario drainage engineer;
    ingeniero de sistemas systems engineer;
    ingeniero de sonido sound engineer;
    ingeniero superior = engineer who has done a full five-year university course;
    ingeniero técnico = engineer who has done a three-year university course rather than a full five-year course;
    ingeniero de telecomunicaciones telecommunications engineer;
    ingeniero de vuelo flight engineer
    ♦ nm
    Am salvo RP = title used to address businessmen and professionals (even if they are not actually qualified as an engineer)
    * * *
    m, ingeniera f engineer
    * * *
    ingeniero, -ra n
    : engineer
    * * *
    ingeniero n engineer

    Spanish-English dictionary > ingeniero

  • 11 понимание

    understanding, comprehension, meaning
    • Большая часть этого не дала нам никакого дополнительного понимания... - Most of this fails to provide any additional insight into...
    • В данной главе (у читателя) предполагается интуитивное понимание... - In this chapter we assume an intuitive knowledge of...
    • В соответствии с таким пониманием,... - According to this view,...
    • Для лучшего понимания процесса необходимо... - In order to have a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to...
    • Его лекции внесли новое понимание явлений... - His lectures provided new insight regarding the effects of...
    • Его точный смысл достаточно труден для понимания. - The precise meaning of this is rather difficult to grasp.
    • Лучшее понимание было получено на пути, когда/где... - A better understanding has been gained of the way in which...
    • Мы не можем достичь совершенного понимания этого, пока не... - We cannot arrive at a comprehensive view of this unless we...
    • Мы рассматриваем довольно идеализированную модель, которая дает некоторое понимание... - We consider a rather idealized model which gives some insight into...
    • Наше современное понимание... основано на... - Our present-day understanding of... is based on...
    • Невозможно получить полное понимание... без основных знаний... - It is impossible to gain a thorough knowledge of... without a basic knowledge of...
    • Некоторая аналогия иногда бывает полезной для понимания... - An analogy is sometimes useful in understanding...
    • Некоторое знание... необходимо для понимания... - Some knowledge of... is necessary to an understanding of...
    • Некоторое понимание причины такого поведения можно получить... - Some insight into the reason for this behavior can be gained by...
    • Но очевидно, что подобное понимание является бессмысленным. - But such a view is clearly nonsense.
    • Поверхностное понимание данной теоремы могло бы привести к убеждению, что... - A superficial reading of this theorem might lead one to believe that...
    • Решающим здесь является понимание, что... - It is crucial to understand that...
    • Следующая теорема дает более глубокое понимание... - The next theorem provides more insight into...
    • Следующее простое рассуждение может дать некоторое понимание... - The following simple reasoning may give some insight into...
    • Такое понимание (= точка зрения) предполагает, что... - This view presumes that...
    • Только в последние годы мы пришли к пониманию, что... - Only in recent years have we come to understand that...
    • Что (действительно) необходимо - это ясное понимание... - What is needed is a clear understanding of...
    • Чтобы избежать неверного понимания, мы... - То avoid misunderstanding, we shall...
    • Экспериментальная работа дала нам лучшее понимание механизма... - Experimental work has given us a better insight into the mechanism of...
    • Эта книга предназначена для того, чтобы дать практическим инженерам полное понимание... - This book is intended to give practicing engineers a thorough understanding of...
    • Это могло бы также привести к лучшему пониманию... - This could also lead to a better understanding of...
    • Это необходимо для существенного понимания... - This is required for a fundamental understanding of...
    • Это понимание не вступает в конфликт с... - This view does not conflict with... (
    • Это предполагает глубокое понимание... - This presupposes an intimate knowledge of...
    • Это сложная теория, она трудна для понимания. - This theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.
    • Этот результат подтверждает интуитивное понимание того, что... - This result confirms the intuitive view that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > понимание

  • 12 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

  • 13 Ayrton, William Edward

    [br]
    b. 14 September 1847 London, England
    d. 8 November 1908 London, England
    [br]
    English physicist, inventor and pioneer in technical education.
    [br]
    After graduating from University College, London, Ayrton became for a short time a pupil of Sir William Thomson in Glasgow. For five years he was employed in the Indian Telegraph Service, eventually as Superintendent, where he assisted in revolutionizing the system, devising methods of fault detection and elimination. In 1873 he was invited by the Japanese Government to assist as Professor of Physics and Telegraphy in founding the Imperial College of Engineering in Tokyo. There he created a teaching laboratory that served as a model for those he was later to organize in England and which were copied elsewhere. It was in Tokyo that his joint researches with Professor John Perry began, an association that continued after their return to England. In 1879 he became Professor of Technical Physics at the City and Guilds Institute in Finsbury, London, and later was appointed Professor of Physics at the Central Institution in South Kensington.
    The inventions of Avrton and Perrv included an electric tricycle in 1882, the first practicable portable ammeter and other electrical measuring instruments. By 1890, when the research partnership ended, they had published nearly seventy papers in their joint names, the emphasis being on a mathematical treatment of subjects including electric motor design, construction of electrical measuring instruments, thermodynamics and the economical use of electric conductors. Ayrton was then employed as a consulting engineer by government departments and acted as an expert witness in many important patent cases.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1881. President, Physical Society 1890–2. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1892. Royal Society Royal Medal 1901.
    Bibliography
    28 April 1883, British patent no. 2,156 (Ayrton and Perry's ammeter and voltmeter). 1887, Practical Electricity, London (based on his early laboratory courses; 7 edns followed during his lifetime).
    1892, "Electrotechnics", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 21, 5–36 (for a survey of technical education).
    Further Reading
    D.W.Jordan, 1985, "The cry for useless knowledge: education for a new Victorian technology", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 132 (Part A): 587– 601.
    G.Gooday, 1991, History of Technology, 13: 73–111 (for an account of Ayrton and the teaching laboratory).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Ayrton, William Edward

  • 14 Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe

    [br]
    b. 30 May 1810 Lower Wyke, near Halifax, Yorkshire, England
    d. 10 June 1889 Moor Park, Farnham, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer whose principal works were concerned with reservoirs, water-supply schemes and pipelines.
    [br]
    Bateman's maternal grandfather was a Moravian missionary, and from the age of 7 he was educated at the Moravian schools at Fairfield and Ockbrook. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a "civil engineer, land surveyor and agent" in Oldham. After this apprenticeship, Bateman commenced his own practice in 1833. One of his early schemes and reports was in regard to the flooding of the river Medlock in the Manchester area. He came to the attention of William Fairbairn, the engine builder and millwright of Canal Street, Ancoats, Manchester. Fairbairn used Bateman as his site surveyor and as such he prepared much of the groundwork for the Bann reservoirs in Northern Ireland. Whilst the reports on the proposals were in the name of Fairbairn, Bateman was, in fact, appointed by the company as their engineer for the execution of the works. One scheme of Bateman's which was carried forward was the Kendal Reservoirs. The Act for these was signed in 1845 and was implemented not for the purpose of water supply but for the conservation of water to supply power to the many mills which stood on the river Kent between Kentmere and Morecambe Bay. The Kentmere Head dam is the only one of the five proposed for the scheme to survive, although not all the others were built as they would have retained only small volumes of water.
    Perhaps the greatest monument to the work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman is Manchester's water supply; he was consulted about this in 1844, and construction began four years later. He first built reservoirs in the Longdendale valley, which has a very complicated geological stratification. Bateman favoured earth embankment dams and gravity feed rather than pumping; the five reservoirs in the valley that impound the river Etherow were complex, cored earth dams. However, when completed they were greatly at risk from landslips and ground movement. Later dams were inserted by Bateman to prevent water loss should the older dams fail. The scheme was not completed until 1877, by which time Manchester's population had exceeded the capacity of the original scheme; Thirlmere in Cumbria was chosen by Manchester Corporation as the site of the first of the Lake District water-supply schemes. Bateman, as Consulting Engineer, designed the great stone-faced dam at the west end of the lake, the "gothic" straining well in the middle of the east shore of the lake, and the 100-mile (160 km) pipeline to Manchester. The Act for the Thirlmere reservoir was signed in 1879 and, whilst Bateman continued as Consulting Engineer, the work was supervised by G.H. Hill and was completed in 1894.
    Bateman was also consulted by the authorities in Glasgow, with the result that he constructed an impressive water-supply scheme derived from Loch Katrine during the years 1856–60. It was claimed that the scheme bore comparison with "the most extensive aqueducts in the world, not excluding those of ancient Rome". Bateman went on to superintend the waterworks of many cities, mainly in the north of England but also in Dublin and Belfast. In 1865 he published a pamphlet, On the Supply of Water to London from the Sources of the River Severn, based on a survey funded from his own pocket; a Royal Commission examined various schemes but favoured Bateman's.
    Bateman was also responsible for harbour and dock works, notably on the rivers Clyde and Shannon, and also for a number of important water-supply works on the Continent of Europe and beyond. Dams and the associated reservoirs were the principal work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman; he completed forty-three such schemes during his professional career. He also prepared many studies of water-supply schemes, and appeared as professional witness before the appropriate Parliamentary Committees.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1860. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1878, 1879.
    Bibliography
    Among his publications History and Description of the Manchester Waterworks, (1884, London), and The Present State of Our Knowledge on the Supply of Water to Towns, (1855, London: British Association for the Advancement of Science) are notable.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1889, Proceedings of the Royal Society 46:xlii-xlviii. G.M.Binnie, 1981, Early Victorian Water Engineers, London.
    P.N.Wilson, 1973, "Kendal reservoirs", Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 73.
    KM / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe

  • 15 Elder, John

    [br]
    b. 9 March 1824 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 17 September 1869 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer who introduced the compound steam engine to ships and established an important shipbuilding company in Glasgow.
    [br]
    John was the third son of David Elder. The father came from a family of millwrights and moved to Glasgow where he worked for the well-known shipbuilding firm of Napier's and was involved with improving marine engines. John was educated at Glasgow High School and then for a while at the Department of Civil Engineering at Glasgow University, where he showed great aptitude for mathematics and drawing. He spent five years as an apprentice under Robert Napier followed by two short periods of activity as a pattern-maker first and then a draughtsman in England. He returned to Scotland in 1849 to become Chief Draughtsman to Napier, but in 1852 he left to become a partner with the Glasgow general engineering company of Randolph Elliott \& Co. Shortly after his induction (at the age of 28), the engineering firm was renamed Randolph Elder \& Co.; in 1868, when the partnership expired, it became known as John Elder \& Co. From the outset Elder, with his partner, Charles Randolph, approached mechanical (especially heat) engineering in a rigorous manner. Their knowledge and understanding of entropy ensured that engine design was not a hit-and-miss affair, but one governed by recognition of the importance of the new kinetic theory of heat and with it a proper understanding of thermodynamic principles, and by systematic development. In this Elder was joined by W.J.M. Rankine, Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow University, who helped him develop the compound marine engine. Elder and Randolph built up a series of patents, which guaranteed their company's commercial success and enabled them for a while to be the sole suppliers of compound steam reciprocating machinery. Their first such engine at sea was fitted in 1854 on the SS Brandon for the Limerick Steamship Company; the ship showed an improved performance by using a third less coal, which he was able to reduce still further on later designs.
    Elder developed steam jacketing and recognized that, with higher pressures, triple-expansion types would be even more economical. In 1862 he patented a design of quadruple-expansion engine with reheat between cylinders and advocated the importance of balancing reciprocating parts. The effect of his improvements was to greatly reduce fuel consumption so that long sea voyages became an economic reality.
    His yard soon reached dimensions then unequalled on the Clyde where he employed over 4,000 workers; Elder also was always interested in the social welfare of his labour force. In 1860 the engine shops were moved to the Govan Old Shipyard, and again in 1864 to the Fairfield Shipyard, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west on the south bank of the Clyde. At Fairfield, shipbuilding was commenced, and with the patents for compounding secure, much business was placed for many years by shipowners serving long-distance trades such as South America; the Pacific Steam Navigation Company took up his ideas for their ships. In later years the yard became known as the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Ltd, but it remains today as one of Britain's most efficient shipyards and is known now as Kvaerner Govan Ltd.
    In 1869, at the age of only 45, John Elder was unanimously elected President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; however, before taking office and giving his eagerly awaited presidential address, he died in London from liver disease. A large multitude attended his funeral and all the engineering shops were silent as his body, which had been brought back from London to Glasgow, was carried to its resting place. In 1857 Elder had married Isabella Ure, and on his death he left her a considerable fortune, which she used generously for Govan, for Glasgow and especially the University. In 1883 she endowed the world's first Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow, an act which was reciprocated in 1901 when the University awarded her an LLD on the occasion of its 450th anniversary.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1869.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1869, Engineer 28.
    1889, The Dictionary of National Biography, London: Smith Elder \& Co. W.J.Macquorn Rankine, 1871, "Sketch of the life of John Elder" Transactions of the
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
    Maclehose, 1886, Memoirs and Portraits of a Hundred Glasgow Men.
    The Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Works, 1909, London: Offices of Engineering.
    P.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde, A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (covers Elder's contribution to the development of steam engines).
    RLH / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Elder, John

  • 16 Perry, John

    [br]
    b. 14 February 1850 Garvagh, Co. Londonderry, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)
    d. 4 August 1920 London, England
    [br]
    Irish engineer, mathematician and technical-education pioneer.
    [br]
    Educated at Queens College, Belfast, Perry became Physics Master at Clifton College in 1870 until 1874. This was followed by a brief period of study under Sir William Thomson in Glasgow. He was then appointed Professor of Engineering at the Imperial College of Japan in Tokyo, where he formed a remarkable research partnership with W.E. Ayrton. On his return to England he became Professor of Engineering and Mathematics at City and Guilds College, Finsbury. Perry was the co-inventor with Ayrton of many electrical measuring instruments between 1880 and 1890, including an energy meter incorporating pendulum clocks and the first practicable portable ammeter and voltmeter, the latter being extensively used until superseded by instruments of greater accuracy. An optical indicator for high-speed steam engines was among Perry's many patents. Having made a notable contribution to education, particularly in the teaching of mathematics, he turned his attention in the latter period of his life to the improvement of the gyrostatic compass.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1885. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1900. Whitworth Scholar 1870.
    Bibliography
    28 April 1883, jointly with Ayrton, British patent no. 2,156 (portable ammeter and voltmeter).
    1900, England's Neglect of Science, London (for Perry's collected papers on technical education).
    Further Reading
    D.W.Jordan, 1985, "The cry for useless knowledge: education for a new Victorian technology", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 132 (Part A): 587– 601.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Perry, John

  • 17 Polhem, Christopher

    [br]
    b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751
    [br]
    Swedish engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.
    From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.
    In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.
    In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).
    Further Reading
    1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Polhem, Christopher

  • 18 Rawcliffe, Gordon Hindle

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 2 June 1910 Sheffield, England
    d. 3 September 1979 Bristol, England
    [br]
    English scientist and inventor of the multi-speed induction motor using the pole amplitude modulation principle.
    [br]
    After graduating from Keble College, Oxford, Rawcliffe joined the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company in 1932 as a college apprentice, and later became a design engineer. This was followed by a period as a lecturer at Liverpool University, where he was able to extend his knowledge of the principles underlying the design and operation of electrical machines. In 1941 he became Head of the Electrical Engineering Department at the Robert Gordon Technical College, Aberdeen, and Lecturer in charge of Electrical Engineering at Aberdeen University. In 1944 Rawcliffe was appointed to the Chair of Electrical Engineering at the University of Bristol, where he remained until his retirement in 1975. The reputation of his department was enhanced by the colleagues he recruited.
    After 1954 he began research into polyphase windings, the basis of alternating-current machinery, and published papers concerned with the dual problems of frequency changing and pole changing. The result of this research was the discovery in 1957 of a technique for making squirrel-cage induction motors run at more than one speed. By reversing current in one part of the winding, the pole distribution and number were changed, and with it the speed of rotation.
    Rawcliffe's name became synonymous with pole amplitude modulation, or PAM, the name given to this technique. Described by Rawcliffe as a new philosophy of windings, the technique led to a series of research papers, patents and licensing agreements in addition to consultancies to advise on application problems. Commercial exploitation of the new idea throughout Western Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States followed. In total he contributed twentyfive papers to the Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and some sixty British patent applications were filed.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1972. Royal Society S.G.Brown Medal 1978.
    Bibliography
    21 August 1958, British patent no. 900,600 (pole amplitude modulation).
    1958, with R.F.Burbridge and W.Fong, "Induction motor speed changing by pole amplitude modulation", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 105 (Part A): 411–19 (the first description of pole amplitude modulation).
    Further Reading
    Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1981, Vol. XXVII, London, pp. 479–503 (includes lists of Rawcliffe's patents and principal papers published).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Rawcliffe, Gordon Hindle

  • 19 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

  • 20 KCE

    1) Компьютерная техника: Knowledge Center Engineering
    2) Сокращение: Knowledge Centered Environment
    3) Фирменный знак: Kansas Consulting Engineers, Inc.

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > KCE

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Knowledge engineers — are computer systems experts who are trained in the field of expert systems. Receiving information from domain experts, the knowledge engineers interpret the presented information and relay it to computer programmers who code the information in… …   Wikipedia

  • Knowledge engineering — (KE) has been defined by Feigenbaum, and McCorduck (1983) as follows: KE is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise …   Wikipedia

  • Knowledge integration — is the process of synthesizing multiple knowledge models (or representations) into a common model (representation).Compared to information integration, which involves merging information having different schemas and representation models,… …   Wikipedia

  • knowledge engineer — (NAWL.ij en.juh.neer) n. A person who gathers knowledge and incorporates it into computer programs such as expert systems and natural language processing systems. Example Citation: But now dozens of technology start ups are commercializing… …   New words

  • Knowledge-based engineering — (KBE) is a discipline with roots in computer aided design (CAD) and knowledge based systems but has several definitions and roles depending upon the context. An early role was support tool for a design engineer generally within the context of… …   Wikipedia

  • Knowledge worker — Knowledge workers in today s workforce are individuals who are valued for their ability to act and communicate with knowledge within a specific subject area. They will often advance the overall understanding of that subject through focused… …   Wikipedia

  • Engineers Without Borders (Australia) — Engineers Without Borders Australia is a non profit organisation that works within Australia and abroad to improve the quality of life of disadvantaged communities through education and the implementation of sustainable engineering projects. EWB… …   Wikipedia

  • Engineers Without Borders (UK) — Engineers Without Borders (EWB) UK (or EWB UK) is a UK based registered charity and NGO, operated primarily by UK based university students. Its mission is to Facilitate Human Development through Engineering. [EWB UK Website [http://www.ewb… …   Wikipedia

  • Knowledge economy — The knowledge economy is a term that refers either to an economy of knowledge focused on the production and management of knowledge in the frame of economic constraints, or to a knowledge based economy. In the second meaning, more frequently used …   Wikipedia

  • Knowledge society — Broadly speaking, the term Knowledge Society refers to any society where knowledge is the primary production resource instead of capital and labour. It may also refer to the use a certain society gives to information. A Knowledge society creates …   Wikipedia

  • Engineers Without Borders (Canada) — for similar organizations worldwide.)Engineers Without Borders was founded in 2000 by George Roter and Parker Mitchell, engineering graduates from the University of Waterloo. It is a registered Canadian Charity.Its mission is to promote human… …   Wikipedia

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